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CRF vs HMM for sequence labeling: generative or discriminative?

An HMM is generative and assumes independent emissions. A CRF is discriminative, so it takes arbitrary overlapping features. Both decode with Viterbi.

Updated Aug 2026 · Grounded in real Applied AI Engineer interview loops and written to a senior-engineer editorial bar.

An HMM is generative and assumes independent emissions. A CRF is discriminative, so it takes arbitrary overlapping features. Both decode with Viterbi.

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