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How do agents communicate and coordinate in a multi-agent system?

Multi-agent systems live or die on how agents share information and hand off work. The signal is naming the three communication patterns and the coordination failures that sink the naive version. Here is the answer.

Updated Aug 2026 · Grounded in real Applied AI Engineer interview loops and written to a senior-engineer editorial bar.

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LEARN THE BACKGROUND

These lessons teach the material this question tests, in order and from the beginning.

Agent Engineering·More than one agentSign in14mThe two patterns that account for most of the valueOrchestrator-and-specialist and critic-and-refiner cover nearly every multi-agent system worth building. This lesson is how each works, the design decisions inside them, and why free-form agent conversation is not a third option.Agent Engineering·More than one agentSign in13mWhere coordination costs more than it savesMulti-agent systems have a point past which adding agents makes things worse, and it arrives earlier than people expect. This lesson covers the four costs that grow with agent count and the ways a system stalls without anything reporting a failure.

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