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Core
Bit Manipulation
Bit manipulation uses AND, OR, XOR, and shifts to pack flags into integers, test and toggle individual bits, and exploit tricks like XOR-cancellation to find a unique element in O(1) space. Interviews probe it to see whether you reach for a bitmask when it gives a real constant-factor or memory win and avoid it when it just obscures the logic. The skill is knowing the handful of patterns that pay off, not memorizing clever one-liners.
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Coding & DSABit manipulation essentials: single number, counting bits, power of two.→Coding & DSAImplement k-means from scratch, including k-means++ initialization and a convergence check.→Coding & DSAImplement a numerically stable softmax and cross-entropy loss from scratch.→Coding & DSAImplement multi-head self-attention from scratch in NumPy, with a causal mask.→ML Infrastructure & GPUsExplain speculative decoding and the other main levers for cutting LLM generation latency.→Coding & DSAImplement beam search for a sequence model given a next-token log-probability function.→
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